Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Example For Students

Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Between 1875 and 1877, Leo Tolstoy, nobility by birth, wrote installments of Anna Karenina. While writing Anna Karenina, he became obsessed with the meaning and purpose of life. This led Tolstoy to compose the essay, My Confession, detailing his agonizing religious and moral self-examination, published in 1882. He devoted another three years to the discovery of the meaning and purpose of life. At the close of the seven years of only non-fiction essays, Tolstoy resumed writing and publishing fictional works. However, he did write two more essays devoted to the meaning of life, What Then Must We Do (1886) and The Kingdom of God is Within You (1892). Tolstoy, in 1886 wrote a particularly intriguing tale of a bishop and three old men, The Three Hermits, which reflects Tolstoys search for purpose and the meaning of life. The Three Hermits is a journey, both physical and spiritual, similar to Tolstoys faith journey. A bishop was sailing from Archangel to the Solovetsk Monastery, and on the same vessel were a number of pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine at that place (Tolstoy, p. 1). The story goes on to say that a fisherman on board relayed the tale of the three hermits who live on an island near where they currently were sailing. We will write a custom essay on Tolstoys Three Hermits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Bishop becomes very curious, and insists upon meeting the hermits. The other pilgrims protest at the idea of stopping. The captain also objects and informs the bishop, The old men are not worth your pains. I have heard said that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word, any more than the fish in the sea (Tolstoy, p.3). This passage makes an ironic point. The pilgrims travel to Solovetsk, home of a monastery considered one of the holy places in Russia, to pay homage and receive Gods favor, yet they are unwilling to learn from people close to God, much like the people of Tolstoys time, too wrapped up in the churchs doctrine to see the way to God. Tolstoy wrote in Repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand, a chapter of The Kingdom of God is Within You that Christians must aspire to the Kingdom of God, not the kingdoms of the world, meaning that the idols and relics of the church are worthless, people should instead visit God through meaningful prayer, good deeds, and work. The tale continues on to say, the cable was quickly let out, the anchor cast and the sails furled Then a boat having been lowered the oarsman jumped in, and the Bishop descended the ladder and took a seat (Tolstoy, p.3). This could be interpreted as the bishop being humbled, lowering himself on to the boat. A bishop is defined as an overseer, a supervisor, hold ing a position one rank over a priest. Therefore, he by going to the island humbled himself. The story continues in the tale by telling of the hermits, how they bowed before him, and the priests teaching them to pray, the Lords Prayer, instead of theirs, Three are ye, three are we, have mercy upon us (Tolstoy, p.4). Upon leaving, the priest in the distance hears them praying. When the island was no longer visible, he relaxed and he thanked god for having sent him to teach and help such godly men (Tolstoy, p.5). No sooner had he uttered the words than did the Hermits appear running through the water. The three in one voice said, We have forgotten your teaching, servant of God. As long as we kept repeating it, we remembered, but when we stopped saying it for a time, a word dropped out, and now it all has gone to pieces. We can remember nothing of it. Teach us again. The bishop crossed himself and leaning over the ships side said: Your own prayer will reach the Lord, men of God. .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .postImageUrl , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:hover , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:visited , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:active { border:0!important; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:active , .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94d9cc63431be74bd020657288fc693c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Problems with Education in America Essay It is not for me to teach you. Pray for us sinners. And the Bishop bowed low before the men. (p. 5-6). The hermits show a great deal of respect for the church and God, thus, they bow low before the Bishop, as a sign of respect, knowing he is Gods servant. This . Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Example For Students Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Between 1875 and 1877, Leo Tolstoy, nobility by birth, wrote installments of Anna Karenina. While writing Anna Karenina, he became obsessed with the meaning and purpose of life. This led Tolstoy to compose the essay, My Confession, detailing his agonizing religious and moral self-examination, published in 1882. He devoted another three years to the discovery of the meaning and purpose of life. At the close of the seven years of only non-fiction essays, Tolstoy resumed writing and publishing fictional works. However, he did write two more essays devoted to the meaning of life, What Then Must We Do (1886) and The Kingdom of God is Within You (1892). Tolstoy, in 1886 wrote a particularly intriguing tale of a bishop and three old men, The Three Hermits, which reflects Tolstoys search for purpose and the meaning of life. The Three Hermits is a journey, both physical and spiritual, similar to Tolstoys faith journey. A bishop was sailing from Archangel to the Solovetsk Monastery, and on the same vessel were a number of pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine at that place (Tolstoy, p. 1). The story goes on to say that a fisherman on board relayed the tale of the three hermits who live on an island near where they currently were sailing. We will write a custom essay on Tolstoys Three Hermits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Bishop becomes very curious, and insists upon meeting the hermits. The other pilgrims protest at the idea of stopping. The captain also objects and informs the bishop, The old men are not worth your pains. I have heard said that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word, any more than the fish in the sea (Tolstoy, p.3). This passage makes an ironic point. The pilgrims travel to Solovetsk, home of a monastery considered one of the holy places in Russia, to pay homage and receive Gods favor, yet they are unwilling to learn from people close to God, much like the people of Tolstoys time, too wrapped up in the churchs doctrine to see the way to God. Tolstoy wrote in Repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand, a chapter of The Kingdom of God is Within You that Christians must aspire to the Kingdom of God, not the kingdoms of the world, meaning that the idols and relics of the church are worthless, people should instead visit God through meaningful prayer, good deeds, and work. The tale continues on to say, the cable was quickly let out, the anchor cast and the sails furled Then a boat having been lowered the oarsman jumped in, and the Bishop descended the ladder and took a seat (Tolstoy, p.3). This could be interpreted as the bishop being humbled, lowering himself on to the boat. A bishop is defined as an overseer, a supervisor, hold ing a position one rank over a priest. Therefore, he by going to the island humbled himself. The story continues in the tale by telling of the hermits, how they bowed before him, and the priests teaching them to pray, the Lords Prayer, instead of theirs, Three are ye, three are we, have mercy upon us (Tolstoy, p.4). Upon leaving, the priest in the distance hears them praying. When the island was no longer visible, he relaxed and he thanked god for having sent him to teach and help such godly men (Tolstoy, p.5). No sooner had he uttered the words than did the Hermits appear running through the water. The three in one voice said, We have forgotten your teaching, servant of God. As long as we kept repeating it, we remembered, but when we stopped saying it for a time, a word dropped out, and now it all has gone to pieces. We can remember nothing of it. Teach us again. The bishop crossed himself and leaning over the ships side said: Your own prayer will reach the Lord, men of God. .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .postImageUrl , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:hover , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:visited , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:active { border:0!important; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:active , .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034 .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u582aa051846ee56d63cf5e44c8fee034:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Research on Martin Luther King Jr And 8220The Lett Essay It is not for me to teach you. Pray for us sinners. And the Bishop bowed low before the men. (p. 5-6). The hermits show a great deal of respect for the church and God, thus, they bow low before the Bishop, as a sign of respect, knowing he is Gods servant. This . Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Example For Students Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay Between 1875 and 1877, Leo Tolstoy, nobility by birth, wrote installments of Anna Karenina. While writing Anna Karenina, he became obsessed with the meaning and purpose of life. This led Tolstoy to compose the essay, My Confession, detailing his agonizing religious and moral self-examination, published in 1882. He devoted another three years to the discovery of the meaning and purpose of life. At the close of the seven years of only non-fiction essays, Tolstoy resumed writing and publishing fictional works. However, he did write two more essays devoted to the meaning of life, What Then Must We Do (1886) and The Kingdom of God is Within You (1892). Tolstoy, in 1886 wrote a particularly intriguing tale of a bishop and three old men, The Three Hermits, which reflects Tolstoys search for purpose and the meaning of life. We will write a custom essay on Tolstoys Three Hermits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Three Hermits is a journey, both physical and spiritual, similar to Tolstoys faith journey. A bishop was sailing from Archangel to the Solovetsk Monastery, and on the same vessel were a number of pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine at that place (Tolstoy, p. 1). The story goes on to say that a fisherman on board relayed the tale of the three hermits who live on an island near where they currently were sailing. The Bishop becomes very curious, and insists upon meeting the hermits. The other pilgrims protest at the idea of stopping. The captain also objects and informs the bishop, The old men are not worth your pains. I have heard said that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word, any more than the fish in the sea (Tolstoy, p.3). This passage makes an ironic point. The pilgrims travel to Solovetsk, home of a monastery considered one of the holy places in Russia, to pay homage and receive Gods favor, yet they are unwilling to learn from peo ple close to God, much like the people of Tolstoys time, too wrapped up in the churchs doctrine to see the way to God. Tolstoy wrote in Repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand, a chapter of The Kingdom of God is Within You that Christians must aspire to the Kingdom of God, not the kingdoms of the world, meaning that the idols and relics of the church are worthless, people should instead visit God through meaningful prayer, good deeds, and work. The tale continues on to say, the cable was quickly let out, the anchor cast and the sails furled Then a boat having been lowered the oarsman jumped in, and the Bishop descended the ladder and took a seat (Tolstoy, p.3). This could be interpreted as the bishop being humbled, lowering himself on to the boat. A bishop is defined as an overseer, a supervisor, holding a position one rank over a priest. Therefore, he by going to the island humbled himself. The story continues in the tale by telling of the hermits, how they bowed before him , and the priests teaching them to pray, the Lords Prayer, instead of theirs, Three are ye, three are we, have mercy upon us (Tolstoy, p.4). Upon leaving, the priest in the distance hears them praying. When the island was no longer visible, he relaxed and he thanked god for having sent him to teach and help such godly men (Tolstoy, p.5). No sooner had he uttered the words than did the Hermits appear running through the water. The three in one voice said,We have forgotten your teaching, servant of God. As long as we kept repeating it, we remembered, but when we stopped saying it for a time, a word dropped out, and now it all has gone to pieces. We can remember nothing of it. Teach us again. The bishop crossed himself and leaning over the ships side said: Your own prayer will reach the Lord, men of God. It is not for me to teach you. Pray for us sinners. And the Bishop bowed low before the men. (p. 5-6). .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .postImageUrl , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:hover , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:visited , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:active { border:0!important; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:active , .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06 .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u496608ddd99957506e76946104544a06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: sexual child abuse EssayThe hermits show a great deal of respect for the church and God, thus, they bow low before the Bishop, as a sign of respect, knowing he is Gods servant. This gives him a false idea of superiority, not implied intentionally by the Hermits. However, the hermits have the upper hand. Though they patiently learned the Lords Prayer and allowed the Bishop to teach them to pray, they, in the end, teach him the truth of God and prayer. This point is shown, in that, as soon as the Bishop commended himself, the hermits appeared, and asked him to re-teach the prayer. Matthew 6:7 sums it up: But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking (KJV, Matt 6:7), meaning that the hermits had no understanding of the words the spoke, they went along with the lesson in the name of pleasing God. However, the prayer they made came from their hearts, which made them closer to God. The Bishop understood this and bowed lower to show the hermits that they were far superior. The walking on water also is a lesson in faith. The hermits possessed such an extreme faith in God, and divine interest in salvation that they could run at incredible speeds across water, as if it were dry land. In the bible, Jesus shows that with faith walking on water is possible. About three oclock in the morning Jesus came to them, walking on the water. Then Peter called to him, Lord, if its really you, tell me to come to you by walking on water. All right, come, Jesus said. So Peter went over the side of the boat and walked on the water toward Jesus. But when he looked around at the high waves, he was terrified and began to sink. Save me, Lord! he shouted. Instantly Jesus reached out his hand and grabbed him. You dont have much faith, Jesus said. Why did you doubt me? (New Living Translation, Matthew 14:25, 27-31). Tolstoy makes to reference the Trinity, showing a divine presence in his journey. The story says that, he saw the three men: a tall one, a shorter one, and one very small and bent, standing on shore and holding each other by the hand (p. 3). According to the Trinity, the father, son, and Holy Spirit are one. Three is also important in the fact that three days after Christ died, he rose again (New Living Translation, Luke 9:22). Noah had three sons (Genesis 5:32). The Bible mentions the number three about 400 times. However, Tolstoy amplifies the image of the trinity in his description of each of the three, One is a small man and his back is bent. He wears a priests cassock and is very old; he must be more than one hundred, I would say. He is so old that the white of his beard is taking a greenish tinge, but he is always smiling, and his face is as bright as an angels from heaven. (p.2). Tolstoy seems to describe either the Father or the Holy Spirit. The priests garb allows the reader to make a connection between a priest commonly called father and the old man. In addition to being the eldest, he also may be the one considered the father, considering that the others look to him for guidance. For example, the bishop asked what they are doing to serve God and save your souls. The second hermit sighed, and looked at the oldest, the very ancient one (p.4). Nonetheless, being the eldest he also could be the all-encompassing Holy Ghost. The brightness of his face leads a person to believe he is not of this world, like a spirit. The second is taller, but he is also very old. He wears a tattered peasant coat. His beard is broad, and of a yellowish gray color. He is a strong man He is too kindly and cheerful (p.2). The second hermit represents the Father. God has great strength, enough to bear the weight of the world. The second hermit also has tremendous strength. The Lord is righteous in everything he does; he is filled with kindness (New Living Translation, Psalms 145 :17). The second, according to the sailors description is also kind-hearted. The third is tall, and has a beard as white a snow reaching to his knees. He is stern, with overhanging eyebrows; and he wears nothing but a piece of matting tied around his waist (p.2). The matting tied around the thirds waist is remnant of Christ at crucifixion; the soldiers stripped him of most of his garments, leaving him with enough to cover his waist. Another similarity between the third and the Son is that the third is stern as was Jesus in his adult life. .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .postImageUrl , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:hover , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:visited , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:active { border:0!important; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:active , .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24 .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u107d0f8e18fab662cc9fc0460ff8dd24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drinking And Driving Offences EssayThe struggle to find faith has created an enigma for Tolstoy, brought to life in a fable. The Three Hermits span time in understanding the journey to the meaning of life. To this day, the puzzle never has been solved and may never be solved. In the immortal words of Tolstoy, If you are content with the old world, try to preserve it, it is very sick and cannot hold out much longer. But if you cannot bear to live in everlasting dissonance between your beliefs and your life, thinking one thing and doing another, get out of the medieval witted sepulchers, and face your fears. I know very well it is not easy (The Anarchist Library, p.1). Works CitedTolstoy, Leo. The Three Hermits. Democritus University of Thrace. 8 January 2000 . Leo Tolstoy. The Anarchist Library. 12 January 2000 . Forster, Stephen. The Gulags Archipelago. 12 January 2000 . Crosswalk.com: Bible Study Tools. Crosswalk.com Network. 14 January 2000 . Tolstoy, Leo. World Book. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1998.

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers This chapter in the History of Modern Computers finally brings us to a famous name most of you will have heard of. IBM stands for International Business Machines, the largest computer company in the world today. IBM has been responsible for numerous inventions having to do with computers. IBM - Background The company incorporated in 1911, starting as a major producer of punch card tabulating machines. During the 1930s, IBM built a series of calculators (the 600s) based on their punch-card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University, the Mark 1 was the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. The IBM 701 - General Purpose Computer The year 1953 saw the development of IBMs 701 EDPM, which, according to IBM, was the first commercially successful general-purpose computer. The 701s invention was due in part to the Korean War effort. Inventor, Thomas Johnson Watson Junior wanted to contribute what he called a defense calculator to aid in the United Nations policing of Korea. One obstacle he had to overcome was in convincing his father, Thomas Johnson Watson Senior (IBMs CEO) that the new computer would not harm IBMs profitable punch card processing business. The 701s were incompatible with IBMs punched card processing equipment, a big moneymaker for IBM. Only nineteen 701s were manufactured (the machine could be rented for $15,000 per month). The first 701 went to IBMs world headquarters in New York. Three went to atomic research laboratories. Eight went to aircraft companies. Three went to other research facilities. Two went to government agencies, including the first use of a computer by the United States Department of Defense. Two went to the navy and the last machine went to the United States Weather Bureau in early 1955. Features of the 701 The 1953 built 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware. The speed of the 701 computers was limited by the speed of its memory; the processing units in the machines were about 10 times faster than the core memory. The 701 also led to the development of the programming language FORTRAN. The IBM 704 In 1956, a significant upgrade to the 701 appeared. The IBM 704 was considered an early supercomputer and the first machine to incorporate floating-point hardware. The 704 used magnetic core memory that was faster and more reliable than the magnetic drum storage found in the 701. The IBM 7090 Also part of the 700 series, the IBM 7090 was the first commercial transistorized computer. Built in 1960, the 7090 computer was the fastest computer in the world. IBM dominated the mainframe and minicomputer market for the next two decades with its 700 series. The IBM 650 After releasing the 700 series, IBM built the 650 EDPM, a computer compatible with its earlier 600 calculator series. The 650 used the same card processing peripherals as the earlier calculators, starting the trend for loyal customers to upgrade. The 650s were IBMs first mass-produced computers (universities were offered a 60% discount). The IBM PC In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PC, another milestone in computer history.

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PROFESSIONAL PRESENCE & INFLUENCE - Essay Example Spirituality and religion influence and determine how an individual copes with sickness. Additionally, religion and spirituality may influence the medical decisions made by health professionals. As such, these beliefs have a direct impact on the medical outcome. The bio-psycho-social model views the body and mind of a patient as two significant systems. These systems are inter-joined like a mind body connection. The bio-psycho-social model demonstrates that the state of the body affects the mind and the state of the mind affects the body too. However, this does not imply that there is a direct effect between the body and the mind. Specific intermediate elements can form a bridge between thought and the biological concept. Psychosocial elements cause biological effects by exposing the individual or patient to risk factors. As such, the patient’s likelihood of disease is heightened. Most theories dictate that the state of the mind has a direct correlation with the immune system. Moreover, many people believe that a pathological disease may or can have a direct effect on the mind of a person. This is a traditional and ancient approach to the treatment or diagnosis of diseases (Pelletier, 1995). Physicians originating from the western world often practice it. Using a problem solving approach, a physician isolates other body parts and focuses mainly on the dysfunction or defect within the patient (Kabat-Zinn, 2009). Physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests of the patient form the primary basis for the treatment or identification of the illness. This model focuses mainly on the physical and biological concepts of particular illnesses. The main difference between the two health models is that the body mind model mainly focuses on the body and mind whereas the body, mind, and spirit model tackles health issues from a